Fiber to the home (FTTH), also called fiber to the premises (FTTP), is the installation and use of optical fiber from a central point directly to individual buildings such as residences, apartment buildings and businesses to provide high-speed internet access. FTTH dramatically increases connection speeds available to computer users compared with technologies now used in most places.

FTTH promises connection speeds of up to 100 megabits per second (Mbps). These speeds are 20 to 100 times as fast as a typical cable modem or DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) connections. Implementing FTTH on a large scale would be costly because it requires installation of new cable sets over the “last links” from existing optical fiber cables to individual users. Some communities currently have fiber to the curb (FTTC) service. FTTC refers to the installation and use of optical fiber cable to the curbs near homes or businesses, with a “copper” medium carrying the signals between the curb and the end users.

The defining characteristic of FTTH is that it connects optical fiber directly to residences. It uses optical fiber for most or all of last-mile telecommunications. Optical fiber transmits data using light signals to achieve higher performance.

FTTH access networks are basically structured like this: fiber optic cables run from a central office, through a fiber distribution hub (FDH), then through a network access point (NAP), then finally into the home through a terminal that serves as a junction box.

Since the customers have demanded for a more intensive bandwidth, the telecommunication carriers must seek to offer a matured network convergence and enable the revolution of consumer media device interaction. Hence, the emergence of FTTx technology is significant for people all over the world. FTTx, also called as fiber to the x, is a collective term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications. With different network destinations, FTTx can be categorized into several terminologies, such as FTTH, FTTN, FTTC, FTTB, FTTP, etc. The following parts will introduce the above terms at length

FTTB/FTTC (Fiber To The Building): The OLT is connected to ONUs in corridors (FTTB) or by the curb (FTTC) using an optical distribution network (ODN). The ONUs are then connected to user terminals using xDSL. FTTB/FTTC is applicable to densely-populated residential communities or office buildings. In this scenario, FTTB/FTTC provides services of certain bandwidth for common users.

FTTD (Fiber To The Desktop): uses existing access media at user homes to resolve drop fiber issues in FTTH scenarios.

FTTH (Fiber To The Home): The OLT connects to ONTs at user homes using an ODN network. FTTH is applicable to new apartments or villas in loose distribution. In this scenario, FTTH provides services of higher bandwidth for high-end users.

FTTO (Fiber To The Office ): The OLT is connected to enterprise ONUs using an ODN network. The ONUs are connected to user terminals using FE, POTS, or Wi-Fi. QinQ VLAN encapsulation is implemented on the ONUs and the OLT. In this way, transparent and secure data channels can be set up between the enterprise private networks located at different places, and therefore the service data and BPDUs between the enterprise private networks can be transparently transmitted over the public network. FTTO is applicable to enterprise networks. In this scenario, FTTO implements TDM PBX, IP PBX, and private line service in the enterprise intranets.

FTTZ (Fiber To The Zone): refers to the fiber to the cell. The FTTx technology is mainly used to access the network fiber, ranging from the central office equipment of the regional telecommunications room to the user terminal equipment. The central office equipment is the optical line terminal (OLT) and the customer equipment is the optical network unit (Optical Network). Unit; ONU) or Optical Network Terminal (ONT).

FTTF (Fiber-To-The-Frontage): This is very similar to FTTB. In a fiber to the front yard scenario, each fiber node serves a single subscriber. This allows for multi-gigabit speeds using XG-fast technology. The fiber node may be reverse-powered by the subscriber modem.

A passive optical network (PON) is a system that brings optical fiber cabling and signals all or most of the way to the end user. Depending on where the PON terminates, the system can be described as fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), fiber-to-the-building (FTTB), or fiber-to-the-home (FTTH).

Downstream signal coming from the central office is broadcast to each customer premises sharing a fiber. Encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping. Upstream signals are combined using a multiple-access protocol, usually time division multiple access (TDMA).

A PON consists of an optical line terminal (OLT) at the service provider’s central office (hub) and a number of optical network units (ONUs) or Optical Network Terminals (ONTs), near end users.

The most essential difference of SFU can be understood as Layer2 device, usually no routing function; HUG is a Layer3 device with routing function and compared with SFU, it has home gateway function.

MAC Address is the media access control address, also known as the LAN Address, Ethernet Address, or Physical Address. It is an address used to confirm the location of a network device. In the OSI model, the third network layer is responsible for IP address, while the second data link layer is responsible for MAC address. MAC address is used to uniquely identify a network card in the network. If a device has one or more network cards, each network card needs and will have a unique MAC address.

A virtual local area network (VLAN) is a group of logical devices and users that are not limited by their physical location， but can be organized according to functional, departments and applications, and communicate with each other as if they were in the same network segment. VLAN is a relatively new technology that works in layer 2 and layer 3 of the OSI reference model. A VLAN is a broadcast domain, and communication between VLAns is accomplished through layer 3 routers. Compared with the traditional LAN technology, VLAN technology is more flexible, it has the following advantages: network equipment to move, add and modify the management overhead reduced, can control broadcast activities, can improve network security.

PPPOE is a point-to-point protocol (PPP) encapsulated in Ethernet in the framework of a tunnel network protocol due to integrate the PPP protocol, so the traditional Ethernet is unable to provide authentication encryption and compression, and other functions, can also be used for cable modem and digital subscriber line to Ethernet protocol to provide user access system.

SNMP means simple network management protocol, which is a standard protocol specially designed for IP network management network nodes, such as servers, workstations, routers, switches, etc. It is an application layer protocol.SNMP protocol enables network administrators to manage network performance, discover and solve network problems, and plan network growth. SNMP consists of three key components: network management system, managed device, and agent.

The main difference between GPON and EPON is the use of completely different standards. GPON was defined by ITU-TG.984 and EPON was defined by IEEE802.3ah. In application, GPON has a bigger bandwidth than EPON, its business carrying more efficient, spectral ability stronger, can transmit more bandwidth business, achieve more users access, pay more attention to business and QoS guarantee, but more complex, so cost is higher than its relative EPON, but with the large-scale deployment of GPON technology, EPON and GPON is diminishing cost differences.

Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON), defined by IEEE 802.3ah, is a point to multipoint (Pt-MPt) network topology implemented with passive optical splitters, along with optical fiber PMDs that support this topology. EPON is based upon a mechanism named MPCP (Multi-Point Control Protocol), which uses messages, state machines, and timers, to control access to a P2MP topology. Each ONU in the P2MP topology contains an instance of the MPCP protocol, which communicates with an instance of MPCP in the OLT. On the basis of the EPON/MPCP protocol lies the P2P Emulation Sublayer, which makes an underlying P2MP network appear as a collection of point-to-point links to the higher protocol layers (at and above the MAC Client). It achieves this by prepending a Logical Link Identification (LLID) to the beginning of each packet, replacing two octets of the preamble. In addition, a mechanism for network Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) is included to facilitate network operation and troubleshooting.

GPON (Gigabit-Capable PON) technology is based on the latest generation of broadband passive optical integrated access standard based on the ITU-TG.984.x standard. It has many advantages such as high bandwidth, high efficiency, large coverage and rich user interface. Most operators regard the access network as a broadband technology, integrated transformation of the ideal technology. GPON was originally proposed by the FSAN in September 2002. On this basis, ITU-T completed the formulation of ITU-T G.984.1 and G.984.2 in March 2003 and completed G in February and June 2004. 984.3 standardization. Which eventually formed a GPON standard family.

EPON compatible with the current Ethernet technology for the purpose of the 802.3 protocol in the optical access network continuation of the full inheritance of the Ethernet low prices, flexible protocol, mature technology and other advantages, with a wide range of markets and good compatibility.

The GPON is positioned in the telecommunications industry for multi-service, full-service access with QoS guarantees, and strive to find the best and most business-friendly solution with the highest efficiency. It proposes that “all agreements be openly and completely thoroughly Reconsider “.

Overall, EPON and GPON have their own strengths and weaknesses, from the performance indicators GPON is better than EPON, but EPON has the advantage of time and cost, GPON is catching up, looking forward to the future of broadband access market who may not be replaced, it should be Co-existence and complementarity. GPON will be more suitable for customers with high bandwidth, multi-service, QoS and security requirements and ATM technology as the backbone. For cost-sensitive, QoS, security, less demanding customer base, EPON has become the dominant.

Choosing the right network provider for your business can be a difficult decision. There are many considerations to keep in mind, such as network coverage and reliability, data speeds, bandwidth caps, pricing, customer service and more. Here are some tips to help you choose the best network provider for your needs:

1. Start by assessing your current needs and future goals. Consider what type of data usage you need now and anticipate the amount of data you will likely need in the future. Take into account any potential expansion plans and how that could affect the network provider you choose.

2. After you’ve established your current and anticipated needs, start researching network providers in your area. Check out online reviews and compare different providers to find the one that offers the best coverage for your location. Make sure you read the coverage maps of each provider carefully and take advantage of any free trials offered by the providers you’re interested in.

3. Once you know the coverage areas of all the providers, look into their service plans. Compare prices and look for special offers. Pay attention to factors such as the data speeds, whether there is a monthly cap on data use and the availability of customer service. Make sure the plan offers value for money.

4. Next, consider the customer service of each network provider. If you experience any problems with your network, how quickly can you get help? Read reviews to get a good idea of the level of customer service each provider offers. Are they friendly and willing to help? Do they offer 24/7 customer service or just during business hours?

5. Finally, check out the reliability of each network provider. Do they suffer from outages or dropped connections regularly? How well do they recover from disruptions in their service? Is the experience of using their service consistently good?

By considering these factors carefully, you can choose the best network provider that meets all your needs.

With this newly-updated broadband speed booster guide, you’ll discover how to cost-effectively improve broadband speed to get the very fastest speeds that your line is capable of.

1. Determine your actual speeds as they may be significantly higher than you think. Many online speed tests are inaccurate and, for many different reasons, may indicate that your broadband speeds are much lower than they are, and much more variable.

It’s vital that you measure your speeds when other applications are not being used, and other devices in your home and office are not accessing the Internet (e.g. doing an update).

You need to measure the performance of the broadband connection itself and not the speed of your Wi-Fi, which is often the ‘weakest link’. Online speed tests actually measure throughputs rather than connection or ‘sync’ speeds, so are always lower. For example, if you have a fibre broadband connection and are lucky to be able to connect at the maximum 80 Mbps connection speed, an online speed test/actual throughput will max out at 74-75 Mbps.

2. Opt for the best superfast (>30 Mbps) or ultrafast (>100 Mbps) broadband service. To maximise speeds, opt for a broadband service faster than standard broadband if you can (and you could potentially save money too).

Over 95% of UK homes and businesses can now access superfast broadband, with speeds greater than 30 Mbps, but not all who could are currently subscribing to such services. If you can subscribe to faster services in your area, we urge you to do so. Even if you don’t think you need the extra speeds, applications that do not require high speeds will actually run better due to reduced bufferbloat (as described later in this guide).  If you cannot currently access superfast or ultrafast broadband services in your area, keep checking your local situation as these may change soon.

Follow our guide to get the best high-speed service as, contrary to what you may pick up from price comparison sites, not all broadband services are the same, and broadband is not like water or electricity.

Often – particularly if you are out-of-contract – you can change to a higher-speed broadband connection and actually save money. According to Ofcom, there are about 8.8 million broadband customers who are out-of-contract, and could get a better service or save money by re-contracting with their existing broadband supplier or switching to another.

Be wary of the cheapest deals, as they can often introduce usage limits, set certain maximum download or upload speeds, reduce speeds at peak times or deliver poor customer service and support. They also may offer come with poorer included modem routers.

3. If you cannot access decent fixed broadband services, consider alternatives such as 4G mobile. According to Ofcom, about 1.6 million UK premises currently cannot access “superfast” fixed broadband (with download speeds of 30 Mbps or above), and about 650,000 premises cannot access “decent” fixed broadband (with download speeds of 10 Mbps or more). If you are currently unable to access fast fixed broadband services, there may be a number of alternative options available to you, such as:

• Fixed Wireless Access, offered by specialist wireless ISPs serving rural communities in some areas

• satellite broadband, using satellites in geostationary orbit or, more recently, low-Earth orbit (e.g. Starlink)

• 4G mobile broadband.

Of these, Fixed Wireless Access services are not available in many places so are not an option for the majority of homes with poor fixed broadband access. In comparison, satellite broadband services have widespread availability. However, we cannot recommend satellite broadband services that use geostationary satellites as they suffer from restrictive data caps and very high latency (time delays). This makes them unsuitable for either usage-intensive streamed TV services (such as Netflix) or delay-sensitive applications (such as Zoom and Skype).

If you do not have 4G in your area and can only access standard (ADSL) broadband, consider a second line. The simplest approach is to run two separate networks e.g. feeding one device (e.g. a desktop PC used for work) with one connection and feeding another or other devices with a second connection. A more sophisticated approach is to use a router with load balancing capabilities, the effectiveness of which will depend critically on the capabilities of the router. Finally, the most sophisticated, and expensive, approach is to use a bonded ADSL service (offered by a number of providers). This would allow, for example, two slower 3 Mbps lines to be amalgamated into a quicker 6 Mbps connection.

4. Connect devices that do not move with Ethernet cables, and avoid powerline adapters. While most people tend to connect all the devices in their home or office using Wi-Fi, this tends to reduce speeds and introduce delay (latency) and delay variability (jitter). These can wreak havoc with high-bandwidth services such as streamed TV/video (e.g. Netflix) and delay-sensitive services (such as online gaming and Skype and Zoom).

Wherever possible, connect devices that do not move (particularly smart TVs, set-top boxes, media streamers, gaming consoles and desktop PCs) with Ethernet cables as the approach often works wonders, for example immediately eliminating buffering/stuttering video and improving gameplay.

Leave Wi-Fi for devices that move, such as mobile phones. By removing traffic from Wi-Fi that shouldn’t really be carried that way (such as bandwidth-hogging Netflix traffic for example), you will actually significantly improve the performance of Wi-Fi for those portable devices that do need it.

We recognise that many people do not relish the hassle of laying Ethernet cables around their home, but it’s probably the biggest upgrade you can make to your home network, and the cheapest! Once installation is done, it’s done, and you can sit back and enjoy the best performance possible for many years to come. The widespread availability of thin, flat Ethernet cable makes the job of hiding cables (for example, under carpet) an absolute doddle.

While using a cable may seem a hassle, please avoid powerline adapters as an alternative to Ethernet. Online reviews show many people have trouble getting these to work reliably. If you don’t believe us, try finding powerline adapters with excellent Amazon reviews. There are just too many examples where services have stopped working or have suffered intermittent performance problems. Using Ethernet is simply the best approach; it just works and cables are cheap.

5. Optimise Wi-Fi for 5 GHz rather than interference-ridden 2.4 GHz and try to maximise signal levels. Several of our tips are concerned with setting up and optimising Wi-Fi. That’s because, in most households, Wi-Fi is usually the ‘weakest link’ in the broadband chain, and performance in terms of speeds, reliability and latency (delay) take a substantial hit in the presence of interference and noise (due to low signal levels).

Wi-Fi routers typically use two frequency bands – 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz – and most modern devices support both bands (although some older devices may only support 2.4 GHz). Where a Wi-Fi router is set up with the same network name (SSID) for both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz operation, either band could be used, with significant implications for maximum speeds.

While 2.4 GHz signals travel further than 5 GHz ones (which may seem an advantage), there is less bandwidth available at 2.4 GHz compared with 5 GHz (with only three non-overlapping 20 MHz channels). As a result, maximum speeds at 2.4 GHz are generally much lower than at 5 GHz. Furthermore, there is generally significantly more interference at 2.4 GHz than 5 GHz (for example, from neighbouring properties), leading to sporadic performance.

If you do not have any Wi-Fi devices that operate only at 2.4 GHz, we strongly recommend that you switch off 2.4 GHz operation completely on your Wi-Fi router or Access Point. This will force all Wi-Fi connections to use the superior 5 GHz band. If you have any Wi-Fi devices that only use the 2.4 GHz band, then we recommend that you give different names (SSIDs) for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz – for example, HomeWiFi2.4GHz and HomeWiFi5GHz. Then, you can connect 2.4GHz-only devices to HomeWiFi2.4GHz, while connecting all other devices to HomeWiFi5GHz.

It is critical to note that, since 5 GHz signals do not generally travel as far as 2.4 GHz signals, removal of 2.4 GHz operation could cause loss of connection in some locations if you are only using a single Wi-Fi router. So, try to locate your Wi-Fi router or Access Point as close as possible to devices and use multiple Wi-Fi Access Points.

6. Use multiple Wi-Fi Access Points and connect them using Ethernet. Wi-Fi has limited range and it was never designed to provide excellent coverage across a typical house or office with a single box. Wi-Fi signals do not take kindly to going through walls.

Also, Wi-Fi range at 5 GHz is significantly less than at 2.4 GHz so please don’t throw away the performance benefits of less interference and higher speeds with the 5 GHz band by trying to cover an entire home of office with a single Wi-Fi box. It just won’t work.

Even a single Wi-Fi router or Access Point with huge external antennas and MIMO is no match for multiple, simpler Wi-Fi devices located in rooms that are regularly used. For the best results, we strongly recommend that you invest in additional Wi-Fi Access Points and, most importantly, connect them together using Gigabit Ethernet.

Make sure all Access Points are configured with the same names (SSIDs)  – one for 2.4 GHz and one for 5 GHz (as explained above) – but use different non-overlapped channels (as explained below). This will ensure that your devices will handover seamlessly to the best Access Points while preventing multiple Access Points from interfering with each other.

In contrast to Access Points, Wi-Fi extenders and, more advanced, mesh systems avoid the need to connect using Ethernet by using Wi-Fi for the ‘backhaul’ connectivity and that’s why we don’t really like them! Wireless is not as good as Gigabit Ethernet and there may be multiple wireless ‘hops’ involved (degrading performance) if you use several boxes. If you really must choose a wireless backhaul solution, opt for a more advanced mesh product and avoid an extender. However, it is just best to use Gigabit Ethernet for the ‘backhaul’ and you won’t use up valuable Wi-Fi spectrum. With the widespread availability of low-priced, flat Ethernet cables, which can be easily hidden beneath carpet, laying Ethernet cables is not a huge hassle, particularly given the performance benefits you will reap.  Also, basic Access Points tend to be very affordable.

7. Measure Wi-Fi interference levels and manually select optimum channels and bandwidths. There’s a Wi-Fi war out there! With a proliferation of WiFi-enabled devices in most homes, your Wi-Fi connection is generally being bombarded by lots of unwanted interference.

With the increasing number of devices in most homes and with a drive, by equipment manufacturers and users, to increase Wi-Fi speeds (necessitating the simultaneous use of more and more Wi-Fi channels), interference (particularly in the 2.4 GHz band) is getting worse and worse over time.

As explained in our comprehensive WiFi guide, using one of a number of applications and software programs, it is easy to measure Wi-Fi interference levels on a channel basis and manually configure your Wi-Fi router or access point to use Wi-Fi channels with the least interference. We use an application called Wi-Fi Explorer. Using such an application allows you to view the interference your Wi-Fi network is experiencing on every Wi-Fi channel. This information enables you to manually select the channel(s) with the least amount of interference. To manually configure Wi-Fi channels, follow the instructions provided for your Wi-Fi router or Access Point.

While some equipment manufacturers claim that their equipment does automatic channel selection, we have found that such functionality generally does not work very well and you are out of control of the process.

If you are using multiple Wi-Fi Access Points (and you really should be for the best performance), you should ensure that each device is manually configured to use a different channel so that they don’t interfere with each other.

With 2.4 GHz, there are 13 channels available but it may surprise you to hear that most of these overlap (interfere with) each other. There are only three 20 MHz discrete channels (1, 6 and 11) at 2.4 GHz that do not overlap with each other so the optimum configuration in a typical home is one with three Wi-Fi boxes, configured to use channels 1, 6 and 11.

With 5 GHz operation, routers/Access Points differ in the flexibility offered for manual channel configuration. As described in our guide What Realistic Speeds Will I Get With Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 6?, we recommend that you select 80 MHz channel bandwidths for 5 GHz operation to maximise Wi-Fi speeds. If you use multiple Access Points, you will need to ensure that your Wi-Fi equipment supports so-called Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) channels. If not, then you would need to reduce channel bandwidths to 40 MHz, reducing speeds.

8. Turn off any Wi-Fi systems in your home that could be interfering with your own Wi-Fi network. Our previous tip is concerned with managing Wi-Fi interference from neighbouring properties. However, the biggest source of interference to your Wi-Fi network may actually be from ‘competing’ Wi-Fi systems in your own home. Wi-Fi interference originating in your own property, because it is much closer to you than interference from neighbouring properties, can substantially impair Wi-Fi performance.

9.Upgrade to Wi-Fi 6, which offers significantly better speeds than Wi-Fi 5. Wi-Fi 6 is the latest Wi-Fi technology. While initial Wi-Fi 6 products were rather underwhelming, some of the latest Wi-Fi 6 products are excellent, such as Ubiquiti’s outstanding UniFi Wi-Fi 6 Long Range Access Point. In the very best signal conditions and using the latest devices, Wi-Fi 6 can significantly outperform Wi-Fi 5, with throughputs of about 920 Mbps, i.e. very close to Gigabit Ethernet (although Gigabit Ethernet still retains noticeable superiority in terms of latency). Particularly if you have a gigabit broadband connection and intend to operate multiple Access Points, we strongly recommend that you upgrade to Wi-Fi 6 to maximise Wi-Fi speeds and performance.

10. Ensure you have a standard master socket or a pre-filtered master socket installed, or get one fitted. Many properties, particularly older ones, may not have a standard master socket installed, limiting your options to improve broadband speed by fitting a faceplate to split the broadband signal from the phone signal at the master socket (described below).

With standard broadband and fibre broadband, the broadband signal is carried along the same cable as voice telephony and has to filtered out so they don’t interfere with each other.

By splitting/filtering out the broadband signal at the master socket, you avoid the broadband signal having to travel round your home to multiple phone extension sockets, picking up noise and interference along the way. Avoiding this often substantially increases broadband speeds and makes a connection much more reliable.

Many modern homes have had a pre-filtered master socket fitted, which splits the phone and broadband connection so an additional filtered faceplate (as described below) is not necessary.

If you do not currently have either a standard master socket or pre-filtered master socket installed, we recommend having a pre-filtered master socket fitted. Then, you can sit back and relax, safe in the knowledge that you have the cleanest broadband signal possible.

11. If you have a standard master socket (above), fit a filtered faceplate or, at the very least, ensure you use microfilters everywhere you should. A filtered faceplate (costing less than £10)  – that fits neatly on to a standard master socket – can substantially increase broadband speeds, particularly if you have telephone extension sockets in your home. The filters faceplate fits on the NTE5 master socket, and ensures that your broadband signal is not carried around your house.

In general, fitting a filtered faceplate can make a huge difference to speeds and reliability. It is important to note that telephone providers, such as BT, permit (and, in fact, positively encourage) users to fit a filtered faceplate. A great advantage of fitting a filtered faceplate is that you do not need to install those horrible microfilters throughout your home.

If you do not use a filtered faceplate or pre-filtered master socket (described previously) (and we cannot think why you wouldn’t), then it is absolutely vital that you use a microfilter for every phone socket in your home with any phone or broadband equipment plugged in (such as phones, set-top boxes and alarm systems).

If you’re looking for the easiest, and most effective, tip to improve speeds, fitting a filtered faceplate is probably it for many people.  It’s a no-brainer.

12. Locate your modem next to the master socket and connect it with a short modem cable. The technologies used in standard broadband (ADSL/ADSL2+) and fibre broadband (VDSL2) are very clever and adaptive to be able to work with normal telephone cables.

Faced with interference and noise, they generally respond to poor line conditions to maintain a connection by: reducing speeds (as a result of increasing what is called the ‘target SNR margin’), and/or increasing latency (delay) (by introducing a technique called ‘interleaving’).

While there’s generally nothing you can do to control the quality of the cabling from an exchange or street cabinet to the outside of your home, you can control the quality of the cabling between the master socket and your modem.

You should locate your modem next to the master socket and connect your modem to the master socket with a short modem cable. It is very important that you avoid using long extension cables between the master socket and your modem (for example, placing the modem in a different room).

It is vital that you do not connect your modem to an extension socket; always, always connect your modem to the master socket. We recognise that, particularly if you use an all-in-one hub, it can be tempting to move the device to a ‘more convenient’ room (for example, to connect a desktop PC by Ethernet or to provide better WiFi coverage). However, if you to choose to ignore this advice, then the result will be poorer speeds than you could have obtained.

If you need to boost WiFi coverage in a particular room, use a separate Wi-Fi Access Point or, if you need to connect devices using Ethernet, use a cheap Ethernet switching box. Just please do not sacrifice your broadband speeds unnecessarily by not following this advice.

13. Speed up DNS look-ups by choosing the best and fastest DNS servers. When you enter a domain name into your browser or click a particular link, it is necessary to first translate that name into a numerical IP address so that the contents of the website can be retrieved.

This process causes a delay in the web page being rendered, particularly if your ISP’s DNS servers perform poorly or are located a significant distance from you. You may substantially improve the performance by configuring your router and/or devices to use the best Public DNS servers such as Google (8.8.4.4 and 8.8.8.8), Cloudflare (1.1.1.1 or 1.0.0.1) or Open DNS (208.67.222.222 and 208.67.220.220).

14. Mitigate bufferbloat by implementing a quality of service mechanism on your router called Smart Queue Management. Bufferbloat is one of the biggest issues facing broadband users today and those with high-speed connections are not immune.

Bufferbloat is essentially latency (delay) under load and refers to the problem when bandwidth-intensive applications (such as video streaming, file transfers, online backups and software download) result in jitter and large increases and/or spikes in the latency (ping) of other applications being used at the same time, causing their performance to significantly degrade. This is because critical small data packets that have to be transferred in a timely manner (e.g. VoIP packets, DNS look-ups and TCP ACK acknowledgments) can be trapped in the buffers of network devices behind much larger packets associated with streamed video and file transfers.

These delays wreak havoc with online games, make web browsing sluggish and severely degrade delay-sensitive applications such as video and audio telephony (e.g. Skype and Zoom).

15. If you can only access standard broadband (ADSL/ADSL2+), invest in a modem that allows you to tweak the ‘target SNR margin’ to boost broadband speeds. If you are stuck with basic standard broadband, all is not lost and there is a powerful feature available on some modems to squeeze out the very highest speeds from your line. Only a small number of modems support this feature.

Once you have invested in a modem that supports this capability, you can potentially increase your download speed by 1 Mbps or more if you are a significant distance from the exchange. If you are closer to the exchange, your line may tolerate a lower SNR margin and you may achieve a speed uplift of several Mbps.

Having said this, if you are able to upgrade to superfast (30+ Mbps) or ultrafast (100+ Mbps) broadband, we strongly recommend that you do this. Superfast broadband is now available to more than 95% of UK homes and businesses.

16. If you can only access standard broadband, opt for ADSL2+ over basic ADSL for significantly higher speeds particularly if you are located close to a BT exchange. Basic ADSL broadband – which was launched in the year 2000, is now available to 99.8% of UK homes and businesses, and delivers download speeds of up to 8 Mbps. As standard broadband is delivered through telephone cables, speeds achievable fall rapidly with distance from the exchange so the highest speeds are only achieved for homes and businesses situated relatively close.

17. Consider upgrading your existing equipment (such as your Wi-Fi router). The broadband speeds that you are experiencing may be significantly lower than you could achieve not because of your broadband connection but because of the equipment you are using.

Particularly, if you are using relatively old equipment (for example, a Wi-Fi router supplied several years ago by your broadband provider) and if your broadband connection is capable of decent speeds, then your existing equipment could be letting you down. While upgrading may reap substantial rewards, there’s lots of equipment manufacturers out there trying to tempt you with their very latest products with incredible performance claims.